The oxygen sensor reacts with exhaust gases producing a voltage signal which is deciphered by the ECU to estimate the air fuel ratio whereby a low voltage value would indicate a lean condition whereas a high value would indicate a rich condition. The sensor is normally mounted on the exhaust manifold or pipes but in the case of turbocharged engines, the sensor is mounted inside the turbocharger. Certain Mazda engines can also possess various sensors such as front and rear sensors or pre-catalytic converter sensor and post-catalytic converter sensor to measure efficiency. In order to check the sensor output voltage, the engine must be running, and measurements of the sensor terminals should be taken, with certain voltage range of rich or lean conditions. In case of readings outside the ranges of specifications, the sensor is to be replaced. In the case of heater element resistance testing, then the sensor has to be disconnected, and the resistance between special terminals should be measured, with certain values of resistance at a given temperature being expected. When the readings are off range then the sensor might require replacement. To remove, the splash shielding that may be required should be removed, then the sensor wire connection should be detached, and the sensor should be loosened at the place where it is located. Other procedures in a turbocharged engine are switching off the battery and the sensor in the turbocharger. Removal should be reversed in regards to installation whereby proper specifications of torque are observed.