Cylinder heads on the current automobiles come in two fundamental types: Overhead Valve (OHV) and Overhead Camshaft (OHC) which is subdivided into Single Overhead Camshaft (SOHC) and Dual Overhead Camshaft (DOHC). In general, a head with a single camshaft is merely referred to as an OHC head and an engine that uses a OHV cylinder head is referred to as a pushrod engine. Cylinder heads are manufactured mostly of the aluminum alloy, because of its lightness, strength, and thermal conduction but cast iron is also extensively used in many automobiles. Every cylinder head has valves and seats and some of these engines have two valves per cylinder and advanced engines have multi-valve arrangements. The valve is known to contact the seat on the precision machined surfaces, to cover the combustion chamber and also the valve has a guide which centers it and enables motion. Adequate clearance between the guide and valve is very important, too much clearance may result in oil consumption and damage whereas too little clearance may result in sticking. Valve springs are used to stabilize the valves on the seats and put them back into position when they are open. Ideally, the process of rebuilding a cylinder head will also require replacement of all the valves, guides, seals and springs however this may not be the case depending on the maintenance of the engine. Other typical causes of wear are that with improper tuning, the wear may be very rapid due to oil washing out or overly high temperatures of combustion. All components are also impacted by mileage and although most of them can be machined and re-used, burnt valves are to be replaced as well as any other worn parts. The process of disassembly of either of the two cylinder head types is the same, with special consideration to labeling of parts, particularly with the dual camshaft heads. C-clamp style valve spring compressor and OHC spring removal tool are required in the case of cup-type camshaft followers, and a typical valve spring compressor might be used in the case of rocker arm-type followers. The cleaning components are inspected by checking valves which may have cracks, wear as well as tulipping and also measuring valve stem diameters. Checking springs, retainers and valve locks must also be checked to ensure they are not broken or worn out and the cylinder head in question must also be examined to determine the condition of the guides, wear of the seats, levelness of the surface and cracks. Valve guide repair procedures are knurling, inserts, oversizing of reaming, and replacing and valve seat should be centered to value guide. In case the cylinder head is distorted, it should be flattened and the cracks might need repairing by a professional. Assembling involves a working area, greasing of the stem of the valves and fitting parts in their correct places making sure all parts are in their proper places and fitted.